{"id":2534,"date":"2021-07-23T19:28:08","date_gmt":"2021-07-23T19:28:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/herkafadanses.com\/?p=2534"},"modified":"2023-04-07T13:23:09","modified_gmt":"2023-04-07T13:23:09","slug":"konstantinopolisin-dususu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/herkafadanses.com\/en_us\/konstantinopolisin-dususu\/","title":{"rendered":"Konstantinopolis’in D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu i\u00e7erik Medium<\/a> sitesinden yararlanarak \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n\t

Konstantinopolis, 29 May\u0131s 1453’te T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilene kadar Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na bin y\u0131ldan fazla bir s\u00fcredir ba\u015fkentlik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1324 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osman Bey o\u011flu Orhan Bey’in Bursa’y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesinden itibaren, T\u00fcrkler Do\u011fu Akdeniz ve Balkan b\u00f6lgelerinde n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletiyordu. Nihayetinde, 2. Mehmet Konstantiniyye’yi fethetmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131 ve \u015fehrin ismini \u0130stanbul olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirerek 470 sene boyunca Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na ba\u015fkentlik yapacak \u015fehri imparatorlu\u011fun merkezi haline getirdi. Konstantinopolis’in fethi, askeri ve insanl\u0131k tarihinde bir\u00e7ok ilkin ve tarihi bir mucizenin hikayesidir.<\/p>\n

Fatih Sultan Mehmet’in \u0130stanbul ku\u015fatmas\u0131 \u015fehrin ilk ku\u015fatmas\u0131 de\u011fildi.<\/strong><\/h2>\n

M\u00fcttefik Slav ve Sasani Perslerinin yard\u0131m etti\u011fi Avarlardan Araplara, Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferlerinden Bulgar ve Nikea (\u0130znik) kuvvetlerine kadar bir\u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ordu \u015fehri ele ge\u00e7irmeyi denedi ancak hepsinin bu giri\u015fimi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcrkler de ayn\u0131 zamanda \u015fehri bir\u00e7ok kez ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid taraf\u0131ndan 4 kez ku\u015fat\u0131lmakla birlikte 1422’de 2. Murat \u00f6nderli\u011findeki ku\u015fatma da ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmu\u015ftu ve Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, antik ba\u015fkentini ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde savunmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\t

Bizans’\u0131n Haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

11. Konstantin, di\u011fer Avrupa devletlerinden yard\u0131m istedi ama bu yard\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Papal\u0131k, t\u00fcm hristiyan kiliselerinin ba\u015f\u0131 olarak Katolik kilisesinin kabul edilmesi \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Konstantin Papa’n\u0131n bu \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeyince, \u00e7ok az yard\u0131m g\u00f6nderdiler. Venedikliler ve Cenevizliler desteklerini sundular. Venedikliler 800 asker ve 15 kad\u0131rga g\u00f6nderdi. G\u00f6nderilen bu deste\u011fin ge\u00e7 ula\u015fmas\u0131, Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7ok fazla i\u015fine yaramad\u0131. Cenevizliler, ku\u015fatma s\u0131ras\u0131nda yaralanana kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fccadele edip \u015fehrin duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na savunan \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130talyan paral\u0131 asker Giovanni Guistiniani’nin \u00f6nderli\u011finde 700 asker g\u00f6nderdi.<\/p>\n

\u015eehrin savunulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de Konstantinopolis liman\u0131na giden Hali\u00e7 Bo\u011faz\u0131’na bir zincir \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\t

Sultan 2. Mehmet’in a\u011f\u0131r toplar\u0131 (\u015eahi Toplar\u0131)<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u015eehri \u00f6nceden ku\u015fatmay\u0131 deneyen ordular\u0131n hi\u00e7biri 2. Mehmet kadar iyi donan\u0131ml\u0131 de\u011fildi. D\u00fcnya tarihinde ilk kez, bir \u015fehrin b\u00fcy\u00fck surlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r toplar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u015eehrin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayan Macarl\u0131 Urban ad\u0131ndaki bir m\u00fchendis, Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 i\u00e7in daha \u00f6nce yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte devasa a\u011f\u0131r toplar d\u00f6kt\u00fc. Osmanl\u0131’ya bu teklifi g\u00f6t\u00fcrmeden \u00f6nce Urban, ayn\u0131 teklifi ilk \u00f6nce Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na sundu ancak m\u00fchendisin talep etti\u011fi \u00fccreti \u00f6deyememi\u015flerdi. \u00d6te yandan 2. Mehmet, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flarda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitimler sonucu matematik ve m\u00fchendislik alan\u0131nda yetkin bir isimdi ve \u015fehrin surlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fabilecek bu toplar\u0131 yapabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen m\u00fchendise t\u00fcm imkanlar\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\"26adb6a8sahitoplari5\"\n\t

Theodosian Surlar\u0131n\u0131n Zorlu\u011fu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Tarihte Theodosian Surlar\u0131 olarak bilinen Konstantinopolis Surlar\u0131, 2. Mehmet’in ordusunun \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engeldi. Bu engelin fark\u0131nda olan 2. Mehmet, bu devasa ve \u00fc\u00e7 kademeden olu\u015fan surlar\u0131 a\u015fmak i\u00e7in gerekli haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Onun b\u00fcy\u00fck toplar\u0131 kullanma konusundaki askeri yenili\u011fi, \u015fehri fethetme yolundaki bu dev engelin \u00fcstesinden gelmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Ordusu’nun \u015eehir \u00d6n\u00fcndeki Karargah\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

T\u00fcrkler uzun bir ku\u015fatman\u0131n ne gibi ihtiya\u00e7lar do\u011furdu\u011funun fark\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve bu y\u00fczden kurduklar\u0131 karargah son derece titizlikle organize edilmi\u015fti. Cesetlerden yay\u0131lacak olan herhangi bir hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n karargahta yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131klar yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ve karargah \u00e7evresindeki su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 temiz tutmak i\u00e7in titizlikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Al\u0131nan bu ek tedbirler T\u00fcrklere \u015fehrin uzun ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelerine ve sonunda \u015fehrin fethedilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\"Fall_of_Constantinople_Banner\"\n\t

Ku\u015fatma Ba\u015fl\u0131yor<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Osmanl\u0131lar d\u00f6kt\u00fckleri devasa toplarla surlar\u0131 bombalamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Ancak bu toplar\u0131n yeniden dolmas\u0131 uzun zaman al\u0131yordu. Toplar\u0131n yeniden dolduruldu\u011fu s\u00fcrede Giovanni, birliklerine surlar\u0131 onarmalar\u0131n\u0131 emretti. Bu strateji Osmanl\u0131lar i\u00e7in \u00e7ok etkili de\u011fildi. T\u00fcm bunlar olurken Osmanl\u0131 filosu, \u00e7ekilen zincir y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Hali\u00e7’i ge\u00e7emiyordu. Fakat Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fcteffiklerinden herhangi bir yard\u0131m almas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyerek yolu da kapatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 gemileri Hali\u00e7’e girmek i\u00e7in karadan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Hali\u00e7’in bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc ge\u00e7ilememesi padi\u015fah\u0131 k\u0131zd\u0131rd\u0131 ve gemilerin karadan Hali\u00e7’e ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti.<\/p>\n

Ertesi g\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 Filosu’nun Hali\u00e7’i ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6ren Bizansl\u0131lar \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131lar ve bir karga\u015fa i\u00e7erisinde denize yak\u0131n olan zay\u0131f duvarlar\u0131n oldu\u011fu surlara yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Giovanni, d\u00fc\u015fman gemilerini Rum ate\u015fiyle (suda yanan ate\u015f) yakmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama i\u015fe yaramad\u0131.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\"1_ol4-Ug7Ub835vV4PCRismQ\"\n\t

Hayatta Kalmak \u0130\u00e7in Sava\u015f<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Bu a\u015famada, \u015fehrin d\u00fc\u015fmesi an meselesiydi. 6 May\u0131s’ta T\u00fcrkler’in devasa toplar\u0131 duvarlar\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131ndan birini par\u00e7alamay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk birlikler nerdeyse surlar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131 ancak Giovanni tam zaman\u0131nda oraya vard\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtt\u00fc. 2. Mehmet’in birliklerine, Bizansl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti\u011fi 29 May\u0131s’a kadar bu m\u00fccadele devam etti. Giovanni hala sald\u0131r\u0131ya direnebildi. Ancak bu zamana kadar duvarlar\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok fazla hasar alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n

2. Mehmet 3000 yeni\u00e7erisine kap\u0131lardan \u015fehre girmelerini emretti. Giovanni de bu sald\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yaraland\u0131 ve cepheden \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131. Bu, adamlar\u0131n\u0131n moralini bozdu ve kaos ve panik durumunda Osmanl\u0131lar duvarlara t\u0131rmand\u0131 ve bayraklar\u0131n\u0131 dikti. Duvarlar\u0131 savunan birlikler disiplini koruyamad\u0131lar. \u0130mparator Konstantin, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131 son bir kez geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u00a0 ama imparator bu son sald\u0131r\u0131 da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\"open-gate-816x1106\"\n\t

Dini bir m\u00fcjdeye nail olma \u00e7abas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0130stanbul’un fethinin yolunu a\u00e7an ba\u015fka bir fakt\u00f6r de \u015fehri fethedecek ordu ve komutan\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcjdeleyen bir hadisin olmas\u0131yd\u0131. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar bu hadisteki m\u00fcjdeye eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in ge\u00e7mi\u015fte bir\u00e7ok kez \u015fehri ele ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar fakat Fatih Sultan Mehmet’in emri alt\u0131nda \u015fehri fethetmek i\u00e7in t\u00fcm haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 tamamlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ve bu m\u00fcjdeye eri\u015fme gayretiyle \u015fehrin \u00f6n\u00fcne geldiler. Bunu kutsal bir g\u00f6rev olarak kabul ettiler ve bu m\u00fcjdeye eri\u015ftiler.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u015eehrin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, daha iyi askeri planlama ve 2. Mehmet’in \u015fehri fethetmeye olan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc inanc\u0131n\u0131n sonucuydu. T\u00fcrk ordusu \u00e7ok iyi organize edilmi\u015f ve daha donan\u0131ml\u0131yd\u0131. T\u00fcm bu fakt\u00f6rler bir araya geldi\u011finde T\u00fcrklerin 29 May\u0131s 1453’te \u015fehri fethetmesine, 2. Mehmet’in Fatih unvan\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131na ve \u0130stanbul’un Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Onlarca devletin ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irmekte ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011fu bu \u015fehri Fatih nas\u0131l ele ge\u00e7irdi?","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":2546,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,125],"tags":[544,542,543,545,541,540,539,114,546],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/herkafadanses.com\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2534"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/herkafadanses.com\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/herkafadanses.com\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/herkafadanses.com\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/herkafadanses.com\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2534"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/herkafadanses.com\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2534\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4889,"href":"https:\/\/herkafadanses.com\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2534\/revisions\/4889"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/herkafadanses.com\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2546"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/herkafadanses.com\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2534"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/herkafadanses.com\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2534"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/herkafadanses.com\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2534"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}